-. ability to warn/threaten (ie piss off from my borders, dont you dare build that settlement there), to let faction you view something as hostile action.
-. ability to trade researched techs, spells
-. ability to share arcane production as with tech production (and ability to cross share; i.e. my tech boost for your arcane boost)
-. alliance should mean share it all (knowledge and los wise)
-. ability to break an alliance at great expense (all factions drop a full level, original alliance partner drops to very hostile).
-. food support agreement, sharing each others global food pool.
-. Have a good say for me/put in a good word for me with anoter faction option.
-. Gossip option, ie sharing intell (ability to give intell yourself as well, such as where is a city, who likes who, who hates who, where is a cool dungeon, army size with makeup spotted, where is a strong pack of monsters, etc.). Gossip is gossip so you should be able to lie and be lied to as well resulting in wrong locations etc when found out could lead to consequence offcourse be it a drop in your credibility or even drop in relation.
-. Ordering your offspring to spy, sabotage, relay intell (with chance to backfire if they decide to switch sides as they seem to do).