I found three more. One has been partially mentioned in other threads, I think, but not in its entirety.
Trade/Treaties
4. If a sovereign has negative gold, if you demand negative gold from them, you can seriously glitch the diplomacy process. The worth of a deal will go into the negatives, and their gold reserve will change to offset the two million or so negative gold that it glitches to. Clicking the negative gold will remove the excess gold, but not the negative worth. So, pile in all of their heroes and resources and offer them nothing in return. Since 0 is greater than -2 million, they'll happily give you all of their stuff (or whatever treaty you desire--maybe this is how you get a late-game non-aggression pact?).
5. Trading away resources does not always seem to deduct the appropriate amount of resources from your pool, though usually you do get the gildar from the trade.
UI
5. If a faction leader demands gildar or s/he will invade, saying that you will pay them off does not result in any actual deduction of gildar from your reserve. It does check if you have the money, though, as clicking the top option if you don't have the gildar will result in it counting as a no.