yes it has been my experience that to make a land bridge, you need to raise up the square you'd like to walk on and every square on either side all the way across. I'd recommend having a team of casters for this 
creating usable shoreline is similar except you want to raise a water tile adjacent to a cliff, then raise the tiles along the cliff to either side of the first tile. also, you need to have your city close enough to the shore to build on it, remember harbors are improvements, so you need available tilespace near them to build there.